The Argali Marco Polo Sheep are native to the rugged mountains of Central Asia, including regions in countries like Tajikistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan. These sheep are among the largest wild sheep in the world. Males (rams) are generally larger than females (ewes). They have a muscular build with a thick, wooly coat that provides insulation against the harsh mountain climates. The coat coloration can vary from pale tan to reddish-brown, and they often have a white patch on their rump. One of the most distinctive features of the male Marco Polo Sheep is their impressive, spiraled horns. These horns can grow up to 6 feet long, making them the longest horns of any sheep species. Female sheep also have horns, but they are smaller and less twisted.

Living in high-altitude regions, sometimes exceeding 13,000 feet, presents unique challenges. The Argali Marco Polo Sheep have evolved several adaptations to cope with this environment, such as enlarged lungs and heart to aid in oxygen absorption, specialized hooves for surefooted climbing, and a dense coat to withstand cold temperatures.

These wild sheep are herbivores and primarily graze on a variety of mountain plants, grasses, and shrubs. Their feeding habits play a crucial role in shaping the landscape and ecosystem of their habitat. Marco Polo Sheep are social animals and usually form herds. The herds can range from a few individuals to larger groups, especially during the mating season. Male sheep may form bachelor groups, while females and their young form separate herds. Breeding usually occurs in late fall or early winter. During the mating season, males engage in impressive displays of dominance, competing for access to females. The successful male establishes a temporary harem of ewes for mating.

Marco Polo Sheep hold cultural significance for the local communities in Central Asia. Their impressive horns are often valued as symbols of strength and are used in traditional ceremonies and rituals. The Argali Marco Polo Sheep population has been declining due to habitat loss, hunting for their horns, and competition with domestic livestock for resources. As a result, they are considered an endangered species, and conservation efforts are in place to protect their dwindling numbers.